Research review: MSK absenteeism and ergonomics

What Are Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)? 

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) encompass a wide range of conditions affecting the muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, cartilage, and spinal discs. These can result from injuries or chronic disorders related to work activities. Examples of MSDs include: 

• Sprains, strains, and tears 

• Back pain 

• Carpal tunnel syndroms

MSDs are often associated with high costs for employers due to absenteeism, lost productivity, increased healthcare expenses, and worker’s compensation claims. They can be more severe than average nonfatal injuries or illnesses. So, addressing them is crucial for both employee well-being and organisational success. 

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) specifically arise from work conditions.

Some of the factors that contribute to WMSD: 

• Routine lifting of heavy objects 

• Daily exposure to whole-body vibration 

• Repetitive overhead work 

• Chronic neck flexion position 

• Performing forceful tasks 
• Sustained static postures

These conditions can lead to strain, discomfort, and long-term disability if not managed properly. So, let’s talk about how ergonomics can help! 

Ergonomics: Designing for Humans 

 Ergonomics, also known as human factors engineering, focuses on creating environments, products, and systems that fit and adapt to people. Here’s what you need to know:  

1. Understanding Human Needs and Limitations: Ergonomics considers factors like body size, strength, cognitive abilities, sensory perception (vision and hearing), and psychological aspects. It aims to design workplaces, furniture, and equipment that enhance productivity while minimising discomfort and injury risk.

2. Workplace Design: Properly arranging elements like desks, chairs, monitors, keyboards, and lighting is essential. Ergonomics ensures that these components suit the user’s needs, promoting comfort and efficiency.

3. Physical Well-being: Emphasising improved posture, adjustable furniture, and movement helps combat physical issues such as repetitive injuries, back pain, and eye strain—common in sedentary workplaces.

4. Interdisciplinary Approach: Ergonomics draws from various scientific areas, including anthropometry (body sizes and shapes), biomechanics (muscles and movement), environmental physics (noise, light, temperature), and psychology (skill, learning, errors).

Types of Ergonomics 

• Physical Ergonomics: Focuses on body mechanics, posture, and physical workload. 

• Cognitive Ergonomics: Addresses mental workload, decision-making, and information processing. 

• Organisational Ergonomics: Considers organisational structures, communication, and teamwork. 

• Environmental Ergonomics: Deals with the physical environment (lighting, noise, temperature). 

• Corrective Ergonomics: Modifies existing systems to reduce discomfort and risk. 

• Preventive Ergonomics: Proactively prevents issues through design. 

• Micro-ergonomics: Examines small-scale interactions (e.g., hand-tool design). 

• Macro-ergonomic: Focuses on large-scale systems (e.g., entire work processes). 

Key Findings on MSK Absenteeism 

Musculoskeletal (MSK) absenteeism is a critical issue in various workplaces, significantly impacting productivity, employee well-being, and healthcare costs. Research in this area has focused on the prevalence, causes, and potential interventions to reduce absenteeism due to MSK disorders. Additionally, ergonomic (Ergo) practices have been examined as vital strategies for mitigating these issues. 

Research findings include: 

• Prevalence: MSK disorders are among the leading causes of absenteeism in the workplace. Studies indicate that conditions such as back pain, arthritis, and repetitive strain injuries can result in significant time lost at work. 

• Causes: Various factors contribute to MSK absenteeism, including:  

• Physical demands of the job, such as lifting heavy objects or prolonged sitting. 

• Inadequate workplace ergonomics, leading to poor posture and strain. 

• Psychological factors, such as stress and job dissatisfaction, which can exacerbate physical symptoms. 

• Demographics: Certain demographics, including older workers and those in physically demanding roles, tend to experience higher levels of MSK-related absenteeism. Gender differences also emerge, with women more frequently reporting certain MSK disorders. 

Role of Ergonomics 

• Ergonomic Interventions: Implementing ergonomic interventions in the workplace has been shown to reduce the incidence of MSK disorders. These interventions can include: 

• Designing workspaces to promote neutral postures and reduce repetitive movements. 

• Providing adjustable furniture and tools to accommodate different worker needs. 

• Training employees on proper body mechanics and safe lifting techniques. 

• Effectiveness of Ergo Solutions: Research has demonstrated that workplaces that adopt ergonomic practices report lower levels of absenteeism. For example: 

• A study found that ergonomic assessments and modifications led to a significant reduction in reported back pain and subsequent absenteeism. 

• Companies that invested in ergonomic training and equipment often saw a return on investment through reduced worker compensation claims and improved productivity. 

• Long-term Benefits: Beyond immediate reductions in absenteeism, ergonomic interventions contribute to long-term employee health and retention. Promoting a healthy work environment can enhance job satisfaction and performance, ultimately benefiting organisational culture.  

Future Directions for Research 

• Longitudinal Studies: More longitudinal studies are needed to assess the long-term impact of ergonomic interventions on MSK absenteeism. 

• Technology Integration: The role of technology, such as wearable devices and ergonomic software, in preventing MSK disorders warrants further investigation. 

• Subjective vs. Objective Metrics: Research should explore the relationship between self-reported absenteeism and objective measures of health and productivity to better understand the implications of MSK issues. 

• Diversity and Inclusion: Understanding how different populations are affected by MSK issues and ergonomic practices could lead to more tailored interventions that account for gender, age, and cultural differences. 

Conclusion 

Research on MSK absenteeism highlights the significant costs associated with musculoskeletal disorders in the workplace and emphasises the importance of ergonomic practices in mitigating these issues. Implementing effective ergonomic interventions can lead to substantial improvements in employee health, productivity, and morale. As the workforce continues to evolve, ongoing research will be essential to identify best practices and ensure healthy working conditions for all. 

Remember, ergonomics isn’t just about office chairs—it’s about optimising our daily experiences. So, whether you’re a designer, business owner, or someone looking to improve their environment, understanding ergonomics can lead to a healthier, more productive life!  

(1) Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders & Ergonomics. https://www.cdc.gov/workplacehealthpromotion/health-strategies/musculoskeletal-disorders/index.html. 

(2) Work-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries and Prevention. https://www.physio-pedia.com/Work-Related_Musculoskeletal_Injuries_and_Prevention. 

(3) Musculoskeletal disorders – HSE Staff – HseLanD. https://healthservice.hse.ie/staff/health-and-safety/musculoskeletal-disorders/. 

(4) What is Ergonomics? Types Of Ergonomics and Examples. https://www.hseblog.com/what-is-ergonomics/. 

(5) Office ergonomics: Your how-to guide – Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/office-ergonomics/art-20046169.